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Evolution of Restaurants - a new trendThink of outing and food and restaurant is the first thing that comes to the mind. It is not that the restaurants flooding the market, or people going to the restaurants is a new phenomenon. In fact, taverns and food shops were always the part and parcel of social life. However, in the last half of the eighteenth century restaurants begin to appear on the social scene. It was, of course, a French invention.The difference between a tavern and restaurant is that in the latter there was a set menu served at a set hour for a set price, while in a restaurant you chose individual, and individually priced dishes from a menu, at anytime of the day. Around 1783 Beauvilliers, once chef to the Comte de Provence (who later became Louis XVIII), opened the first restaurant in the Palais Royale. From 1789 onwards, market was flooded with chefs and other personnel. Beauvilliers~ establishment closed down ten years later in 1793 because of the French Revolution. Beauvilliers left quickly for an enforced sojourn in England. In fact, large numbers fled to other European countries particularly England, then the richest country in Europe. In the next fifteen years, from 1789 to 1804, the number of restaurants increased from one hundred to between five and six hundred, more than a five ~fold increase. This induced a number of changes. The chefs, previously serving solely the nobility, used the skills for the burgeoning bourgeoisie. The dining patterns changed such that the restaurants were serving `dejeuner a la fourchette~ or breakfast with a fork between 11am and 12 noon, which was preceded by `petit dejeuner~ or breakfast. Even the boiler room of the kitchen did not remain unchanged. Count von Rumford invented the `modern kitchen range~, which became commercially available around the year 1800. Dishes involving instant cooking, such as pan-frying, dominated the menus in the restaurants. This revolutionized the eating ~out such that the roasts were side-lined, reducing the number of dishes on the menu. The following summarizes the history of restaurants and the restaurant chains:
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